GMO, Pesticides and Fertilizers – Decomplexicating Equine Nutrition Part 9 of 12

GMO Foods and Their Use In Horses

Here we are in the proverbial space between a rock and a hard place. Farmers want to be efficient and create the largest yield of production to increase the profits of their business while the consumers of the food want to be fed the cleanest and healthiest food possible. Can these two possibilities coexist?

What are GMO foods? These initials stand for “Genetically Modified Organisms.” The exact definition is dependent on the country and the organization using the term but simply put, a food that is produced from an organism that has had its DNA (the genetic code that makes the organism) altered by scientific engineering is a Genetically Modified food. In the United States, it is most likely involved in the crops that make the most money such as soy, corn, cotton and canola. The genetic modifications makes the plants more resistant to disease and to applied pesticides both of which creates a healthier plant and thus a larger yield at harvest. There are some genetic modifications that cause the plant to produce their own pesticide, some that delay ripening and some that increased the nutrient value.

GM was first used in 1983 to help tobacco plants grow. in 1988, microbes were genetically modified leading to the term GMO but in 1994, the first genetically modified food was created - a tomato modified to delay ripening and have a longer shelf life. Since then, in the United States, tens of thousands of genetically modified plants have been tested in the field. In the 1990’s the papaya industry in Hawaii and in China was saved from a virus through GM. Potatoes, apples and squash have been modified for various reasons. Today in the US over 90% of all soy, corn and sugar beets including their products are genetically modified.

Animals fed genetically modified foods have no evidence of it other than some small biologic effects that had no consequence on the tested animals. Yet consumers find GM foods a threat to the health of animals and to humans. I believe the reason why most GM foods don’t cause disease is because the genetic modifications are changes done to the proteins of the plant. As we have learned, proteins are broken apart by the acids in the stomach into the individual amino acids and those are absorbed through the gut wall in the small intestine before the hind gut bacteria have a chance to see them. In other words, the modifications made to the genetic code is forming new proteins with different amino acid sequences, but to the digestive system, all protein is broken apart and destroyed, modified or not. Hence there have been no diseases found in any animal directly related to a GM food.

With this said, due to marketing and health food advocates, foods that have been genetically modified are usually avoided. The primary reason is that this new technology has had no long term health studies in humans or the effects on the environment such as the effect of altering the balance between species. Unfortunately, in my practice, soy has carried the brunt of this yet is a tremendous source of a wide variety of amino acids for horses. Interestingly, almost all sugar beets have also been genetically modified. After all the sugar has been extracted for human use, the left over pulp, with all the genetic modifications in the associated proteins, is used in horse feed.

Yet the question still remains about the safety of GM foods. Many countries including the US give blanket approval for many types of GM foods while other countries such as the EU require case by case approval. Still other countries outlaw all GM foods. There is little consensus because all sides appear to have an agenda which contaminates their research and published findings. The final decision may not be evident for decades to come. In the meantime, I see other more important present issues such as carbohydrate dependency, chronic protein deficiency and lectin caused gut inflammation. If you do not want GM food for your horses, then avoid all grains and byproducts because they have all been genetically modified.

Pesticides and Fertilizers Use On Foods For Horses

Pesticides are chemicals that kill pests (any word ending in “-cide” means to kill: homicide, suicide, bactericide, insecticide). While we generally think of chemicals applied to the food we feed horses, the hand sanitizers Americans have become addicted to are also pesticides in general thinking. Most of the plant pesticides kill predators including pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi), vectors (flies, bugs, birds) and predators (animals that eat them). The problems with pesticides is that the residual pesticide can be ingested by the horse and cause an illness or even death. Further, when washing off these chemicals, they enter the groundwater affecting everything they touch from ground microbes, earthworms and the fish in the nearby streams.

A classic example of a pesticide that was also used as a deworming medicine is the class of compounds called organophosphates. These were usually administered on a clear and sunny Sunday morning in the springtime when horse owners would deworm their horses. I would then be called for the field of colicing horses an hour later. It was classic.

Fertilizers are elements applied to plants to enhance their growth by supplying needed nutrients. These include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, iron, manganese, zinc and a few more. Don’t these sound familiar? Aren’t they in the pills we take and in the food we eat and feed out horses? Maybe not the nitrogen but that comes in with the air we breath (80% nitrogen) and the proteins we eat.

Organic fertilizer is made of natural materials such as animal waste and sewage. Inorganic fertilizers are chemical compounds that do the same job as organics but either are more concentrated or they have additives that prevent any runoff from being toxic to the environment. Agriculture runoff of fertilizer is a major problem in fresh water ecosystems allowing for overgrowth of algae fed by the fertilizer. The algae were otherwise normally kept in balance and growth of all things in the environment regulated by checks and balances between organisms.

All fertilizers can upset the natural balance of the land the food is grown on. Adding nitrogen may acidify the soil decreasing its ability to provide needed nutrients. But this is easily countered with pH testing and adding lime to buffer the acid.

Sources of these added elements in agricultural fertilizer, for example zinc, can be from uncleaned industrial waste. It is very expensive to clean this waste making good clean fertilizers more expensive. An example of a purified fertilizer is Miracle-Gro used within houses throughout America filled with children and pets. But contaminated waste used in agricultural fertilizer may include toxins such as arsenic, lead, nickel and cadmium.

Research into whether fertilization depletes the soil of trace minerals (iron, zinc, copper, magnesium) has resulted in determining that it does not. Rather, it is the improved crop yield per acre that is causing this depletion. In fact, these types of fertilized foods actually have lower mineral concentrations than the ancestral foods farmed before them. Throughout the world, missing elements such as zinc are added to the fertilizer which replenishes the missing elements of these modern crops.

While the use of organic waste seems a little better for fertilizer use, the byproducts of all nitrogen based fertilizer is the third leading gas in the global warming debate behind carbon dioxide and methane. As horse owners we need to realize that most of the food including the hay has been fertilized either organically or not. There is really no advantage to using organic fertilizer when it comes to the health of your horse. In fact there may be some mineral deficiencies if only organic fertilizer is used. However, using feed from crops fertilized inorganically with non-purified ingredients may have toxic effects from unwanted elements. What is the solution?

Are GMO and Pesticides Important Considerations?

The answer to this question may lie in something most scientists are not considering and that is what I have been saying from the beginning of these blogs on nutrition. When you feed your horse, you are NOT feeding it but instead you are feeding the bacteria within the gut - the gut microbiome. These are the guys affected by the pesticides and possibly from the GM foods.

There is a pesticide called Roundup (glyphosate) discovered by Monsanto and now, off patent manufacturing is done my many companies world wide. It is an herbicide and a desiccant (drying agent) used to kill weeds within a crop to decrease competition for nutrients for the crop. In addition, Monsanto genetically modified the crops so that they resisted Roundup and were not affected. The first crop that was “Roundup Ready” were soybeans. All studies that have been accepted by government regulators worldwide have not found any health risks to Roundup generally in humans with the exception of some eye damage when directly applied and to aquatic life. What this means is that within certain accepted limits, this pesticide and the genetically modified plants resistant to Roundup do not cause direct harm to humans or to other farm animals.

Glyphosate is also used as a drying agent on many crops not modified genetically to get the product to market faster. Therefore just because a food is non-GMO does not mean that they are free of this chemical. Glyphosate is also relatively friendly to the soil and in a different formulation, better for aquatic life. In fact, even earthworms have been studied and soil bacteria - all seem OK with this chemical. But few if any studies have been done on the gut microbiome.

If the hypothesis is that all diseases come from an altered gut microbiome then a determination needs to be done on the effect of all pesticides and GM foods on the gut bacteria. If it has been proven that one Prevacox in horses can wipe out a whole family of bacteria in the mouth, then what are these treated and modified foods doing to them? Has a new crop of bacteria evolved that enhances the health, hinders the health or has no effect on the health of horses?

When looking at diseases of horses, many causes are found such as an increased level of insulin in the blood called insulin resistance. What the root cause of this is has not been accurately determined but it is associated with just about every case of laminitis. Add to this mystery the factors of stress, grain overload, obesity, pituitary function, dopamine levels and other causes and where is the real cause located? Could it be as simple as good gut bacteria being replaced by bad gut bacteria? Is this caused by feeding grains or feeding genetically modified grains and hay or grains and hay treated with glyphosate? Maybe it’s a combination. But as horse owners trying to do the best for our horses, we need to eliminate as much as possible and start feeding our horses the basics they have lived on for millions of years - pasture and water. Adding hay to this is necessary. Adding protein is beneficial. If these added things have genetic modifications, I would not worry. It they have been treated with glyphosate or other fertilizers then I probably would not worry either though there is always the choice of feeding organic hay and soybeans.

Simply ask yourself these questions. Are there any recorded cases in horses of disease, dysfunction or malaise due to feeding GM foods? Or feeding foods grown with pesticides that were properly handled? I don’t know of any, yet when horse owners stop feeding grain and byproducts and add extra protein, these horses start to thrive. The hay and protein sources are all genetically modified and most likely have had Roundup applied. While GM foods and added chemicals are in the mix of potential causes of diseases in horses, I think the root cause of disease lies elsewhere.  Feed the horse correctly, allow the gut bacteria to normalize and watch the health of the horse improve while eating less.  Eating less means eating less GM food and applied chemicals.